Having as starting point the boarding that grants to particular attention the transformations of the concept, the author delimits its position. It uses the tender nationalism as basic for the sustenance of the unit national politics and; the nation does not come before the State and of the nationalism, these are that they generate nation; the national question is on to the economic and technological periods of training; it uses a dualidade principle, the high one as the government, the activists of the nationalistic movements, and of the low one, the common people, who are involved in propagandas; finally it follows the division that Hroch makes of the national movements: A stage? purely cultural, b stage? politics, and c stage? sustentation of mass. Hobsbawm uses the concept of nation in the modern direction ' ' basic characteristic of the modern nation and everything what it is on is its modernidade' ' (p 27). Also it leads in consideration that the government, before 1884, was not on to the nation concept, as later it will go to establish itself. Thus the author establishes a landmark, from the Age of the Revolutions (1830) that the concept starts to operate in its speech social politician and. Thus he follows reconstructing a coherent liberal theory of nation, for this uses the liberal authors, as John Stuart Mill Walter Bagehot and breaking of a critical a Adam Smith and its simple concept of nation: a territorial State, arrives the Maxr and Engels with the nation representing a period of training of historical development of the society human being. Beyond the concepts of nation and nationalism, Hobsbawm works with the protonacionalismo concept. Search to answer as ' ' patriotism nacional' ' so distant of the experience of the majority of the men ' ' becomes so fast a force powerful politics? ' ' (p 63). It cites the concept of ' ' community imaginada' ' of Benedict Anderson, forms supply places that go beyond the real spaces as a devotion and bows and vocabularies politicians of select groups: As for example (and Hobsbawm uses many examples in this work) ' ' Up to 1945, where she has vestiges, the ones that said germanic dialects, and the whose elites used the language of the German culture; standardized and writing, was established not in its main regions of the central Europe but also as classrooms controllers and as the city dwellers in the stretches of areas peasants for all the Europe of same the southeastern east and (…) all they saw itself as alemes' ' (p 64).

According to exactly author, in the traditional conception, the family is constituted of a group of parents and children, or, in a more including direction, also including relatives next. This concept corresponds to the notion of nuclear family or extensive family, but family understanding got excited, mainly, in the decade of 90. In such a way, the family concept is inserted in ampler an ideological system, at the same time where it develops and it reproduces a system of proper values. Another factor mentions the transformations technological, providing to controls on the reproduction human being to it. For the author, it is the movement feminist, with impact in the sphere of the work and the elimination of any form of oppression or inaquality of being able. Beyond these factors, the author mentions the diffusion of a new identity of the woman, decurrent of the feminine emancipation. Salient Castells (1999), that the adjournment of the formation of the couples, derived from the difficulty to make compatible marriage, work and life, as well as the formation of relationships without legalized marriage, had contributed to weaken the patriarcal and institucional authority.

For it, ' ' these trends indicate the end of the family as the one that we know so far: not only the nuclear family, but based in the patriarcal domain, that has predominated has milnios.' ' (CASTELLS, 1999, P. 174). These alterations in the familiar structures disclose that what he is in game ' ' it is not the disappearance of the family, but its deep diversification and the change of its system of poder.' ' (CASTELLS, 1999, P. 177). In accordance with Axe (2005, P. 319), are perceived that the family notion involves a complexity currently, in the measure where different forms coexist in the same culture, representing a differentiated composition of the traditional and patriarcal nuclear family, as much for its integrant ones and the redifinio of being able.

The construction of History and Local History: Challenges to Professor Neri de Paula Sheep? Considering a problem Exists some forms of if knowing something. In the same way that some forms exist to represent this knowledge. It can be known indirectly, through what others had said. It is what we make most of the time. Additional information is available at Penguin Random House. Almost never we verify for we ourselves. Almost always we trust what others present in them. It is what we make when using the didactic book. We are not in this material.

But we transmit the pupils what another person thought, she searched and she presented. Therefore we say that its use is alienator therefore, in general, we limit in them what he is in the book; also the exercises developed in classroom are not ours, but reproduction of the book. It is arrived the nonsense of some professors to pull out the pages where if they find the answers of the exercises This is a form of if knowing something: reproducing what already it exists. But we can develop another model of knowledge, as what it is born of the research. Exactly in basic education this is possible.

when one is about the study and education of Local History valley the same reasoning. Mainly because, even so it can seem something easy, this is not a so simple work as it can seem to the first sight. It demands more than what a professor reading some information in a book any or one emends fotocopiada. Unhappyly practical, the daily one of many professors she is this: with much good will, but with little information the professors if are valid questionable books or doubtful texts, fotocopiados. Knowing that, in general, both? book and emends? they are reproductions of other reproductions, that had in general not been born of historiogrficas research. In general way in such a way the author of books on our cities as the compilers you emend of them, use process the same: they select some aspects of what they consider interesting.